What Is Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis?
Primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) is a long term liver disorder characterized by inflammation, scarring and constriction of bile ducts where bile is drained out of the liver into the small intestine. In case of obstruction, bile stagnates in the liver leading to tissue injuries that may lead to cirrhosis. PSC may frequently be observed in individuals having ulcerative colitis.
Common Causes and Risk Factors
- Immune response - The immune system in the body attacks the ducts of the bile leading to a mistake.
- Ulcerative colitis - PSC patients also have up to 70% of inflammatory bowel diseases.
- Family history - Family history increases risk of PSC or other liver disorders in the first degree.
- Age and gender - The majority of the occasions when the condition is identified is in men aged 30 to 50.
Signs and Symptoms
- Jaundice (yellowishness on the skin and eyes)
- Itchy skin (pruritus)
- Exhaustion and overall weakness.
- Fingers in the high right abdomen.
- Dark urine with cage-coloured or clay coloured stools.
How Dr. Rishi Chadha Diagnoses Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis?
Step-by-Step Diagnostic Approach:
Medical History and Physical Exam
Dr. Chadha receives your symptoms, medical history (ulcerative colitis), family history, and risk factors.
Blood Tests
Measurement of liver enzymes (ALP, ALT, AST) and immune markers (ANCA) is done to identify cholestasis and eliminate other liver disease.
MRCP Scan
An MRI examination, which is not invasive, and which gives detailed images of the bile ducts indicating where the inflammations, strictures, or scarring are taking place.
Endoscopic Testing
- ERCP- Visualizes and interventions on blockages in bill ducts directly; it is possible to install stents in the process.
- EUS - imaging by the use of ultrasound through endoscope to determine the condition of the bile ducts and lymph nodes.
Liver Biopsy (if needed)
A small tissue sample is also taken in some instances to identify stage of disease and establish the patient is PSC to inform treatment.
Frequently Asked Questions
What are the symptoms of PSC?
The early signs are fatigue, itching and yellowing of the skin or eyes (jaundice).
How is PSC different from PBC?
PSC is an involvement of large and small bile ducts whereas PBC is a primary involvement of small bile ducts in the liver.
Can PSC cause ulcerative colitis?
No. PSC does not lead to ulcerative colitis but a good number of individuals with PSC have ulcerative colitis.
What blood tests help find PSC?
Liver enzymes, ANCA as immunomarkers on blood are beneficial in PSC.
Is there a cure for PSC?
It is incurable but some form of treatment such as ursodeoxycholic acid and other treatments can be used slowly to reduce disease progression.
How does ERCP help?
ERCP is able to dilate or open blocked bile ducts and can also place stents to enlarge them.
When do you need a liver transplant?
Liver transplant is performed in cases where PSC causes liver failure or extreme complications, which cannot be allowed to pass.
Can diet changes help?
Yes. A healthy low-fat diet with a high content of fruits and vegetables will ensure the liver is healthy and will lessen the symptoms.
How often should I visit Dr. Chadha?
Somehow it is every 3-6 months, depending on your condition and stage of PSC.
Are clinical trials available?
Yes. Missing any new studies and treatment you might be eligible to participate in? Inquire with the team of Ask Dr. Chadha.