Noninvasive H. pylori Testing
Stable patients without alarm features when infection is the primary question
Best for: Stable patients without alarm features when infection is the primary question
Limitations: Does not inspect the stomach or biopsy an ulcer
Takeaway: Use when the clinical pattern supports noninvasive testing
Upper Endoscopy With Biopsy
Alarm symptoms, anemia, bleeding, persistent vomiting, weight loss, or an ulcer requiring confirmation
Best for: Alarm symptoms, anemia, bleeding, persistent vomiting, weight loss, or an ulcer requiring confirmation
Limitations: Requires sedation and procedural planning
Takeaway: Use to identify the lesion, treat selected bleeding, and exclude cancer
Emergency Intervention
Major bleeding, perforation, shock, or obstruction
Best for: Major bleeding, perforation, shock, or obstruction
Limitations: Hospital-level treatment and procedural risk
Takeaway: Do not delay for routine outpatient testing