H. pylori and Medical Evaluation
History, medicine review, noninvasive H. pylori testing, and a structured treatment trial.
Best for: Stable recurring dyspepsia without alarm signs
Limitations: May miss an ulcer, mass, gallstone, or pancreatic disease
Takeaway: A reasonable first step when risk is low
Upper Endoscopy
Direct examination and biopsy of the esophagus, stomach, and duodenum.
Best for: Bleeding, anemia, weight loss, vomiting, swallowing symptoms, persistent pain, or ulcer concern
Limitations: Does not fully evaluate gallbladder, pancreas, or heart
Takeaway: Finds inflammation, ulcers, narrowing, retained food, and tumors
Ultrasound or CT
Imaging of gallbladder, liver, pancreas, vessels, and surrounding structures.
Best for: Right-upper pain, jaundice, pancreatitis, mass concern, or severe pain
Limitations: May not identify mucosal disease
Takeaway: Defines structural and inflammatory causes
Emergency Evaluation
ECG, cardiac enzymes, urgent imaging, resuscitation, and specialist care.
Best for: Exertional pain, chest pressure, fainting, severe back radiation, bleeding, perforation, or shock
Limitations: Prioritizes stabilization
Takeaway: Essential when a life-threatening mimic is possible